Spatiotemporal analysis of melliferous flora in Madhya Pradesh, India: implications for beekeeping and pollinator support

Abstract

Madhya Pradesh, in central India, is rich in biodiversity and hosts native honey bee species like Apis dorsata, A. florea, and A. cerana, with diverse melliferous flora offering strong potential for beekeeping. However, regional apiculture varies greatly—for example, migratory beekeeping thrives in Bundelkhand and Chambal valley due to seasonal floral abundance and farmer awareness, while areas like Satpura, despite abundant wild bees, show minimal managed beekeeping, likely due to inconsistent forage availability. This study assesses the composition, diversity, and seasonal dynamics of nectar and pollen sources for honey bees across seven ecogeographical zones of Madhya Pradesh, encompassing both agroecosystems and forest ecosystems. Field surveys, literature reviews, and stakeholder consultations were used to document melliferous flora, and statistical analyses identified regional and seasonal patterns of floral resources. In forest ecosystems of Madhya Pradesh, melliferous plant species richness varied regionally, ranging from 22 species in Satpura to 35 species in Madhya Bharat, with Rewa-Panna and Bundelkhand also showing high diversity (34 species each). Results reveal distinct nectar and pollen availability peaks in regions such as Bundelkhand and Madhya Bharat, favoring stationary or migratory beekeeping, while Satpura and Baghelkhand have lower floral resource density and continuity, limiting apicultural expansion. Seasonal dearths, especially in June and post-monsoon months, highlight critical challenges to colony health and productivity. The study emphasizes the ecological importance of forest flora in supporting both wild and managed bee populations and suggests targeted floral enrichment and migratory strategies to enhance sustainable beekeeping. These findings provide a baseline for region-specific apicultural planning, aiming to improve honey production, pollinator conservation, and rural livelihoods across Madhya Pradesh.