Nitrogen metabolism enzymes activity in flag leaf and roots of pearl millet during grain development stage
Keywords:
Pearl millet, nitrogen metabolism enzymes, flag leaf, roots, nitrogen depositionAbstract
Nitrate reductase (NR), Glutamine synthatase (GS), Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and Aspartate aminotransaminase (AspAT) were assayed in flag leaves and roots of four pearl millet genotypes, started from ear emergence till grain maturity at four days intervals. All enzymes showed higher activities in flag leaf than that of roots irrespective of growth stage and genotypes. A slight increase in flag leaf NR, GS and AspAT activity till anthesis started decreasing while GDH increased till 12 days after anthesis (DAA) and almost constant till 18 DAA and then started decreasing. While in roots a steep declining trend was observed in NR, GS and AspAT and reached to almost non-detectable level till maturity while GDH increased up to 6 DAA and then decreased sharply irrespective of the genotypes. The almost stable GDH activity and decreasing trend in NR, GS and AspAT suggested that re-assimilation of amino nitrogen takes place in flag leaf instead of direct assimilation from the roots for nitrogen deposition in pearl millet developing grains.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Aubert S, Bligny R, Douce R, Gout E, Ratcliffe RG & Roberts JKM. 2001. Contribution of glutamate dehydrogenase to mitochondrial glutamate metabolism studied by C-13 and P-31 nuclear magnetic resonance. Journal of Experimental Botany, 52:37-45.
Bergareche C & Simon E. 1988. Nitrate reductase activity and nitrate content under two forms and three levels of nitrogen nutrition in Lolium perenne L. Journal of Plant Physiology, 132: 28-33.
Berwal MK, Goyal P & Chugh LK. 2018. Exploitation of pearl millet germplasm for identification of low grain phytate containing parental line. Journal of Agriculture and Ecology, 6: 39-46.
Claussen W & Lenz F. 1999. Effect of ammonium or nitrate nutrition on net photosynthesis, growth, and activity of enzymes nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase in blueberry, raspberry and strawberry. Plant & Soil, 208: 95-102.
Cruz JL, Mosquim PR, Pelcani CR, Araujo WL & Da Matta FM. 2004. Effects of nitrate nutrition on nitrogen metabolism in cassava. Biologia plantarum, 48: 67-72.
Distelfeld A, Cakmak I, Paleg Z, Ozturk L, Yazici AM, Bodak H, Saranga Y & Fahima T. 2007. Multiple QTL-effects of wheat Gpc-B1 locus on grain protein and micronutrient concentrations. Physiologia plantarum, 129 (3):635-643. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2006.00841.x
Duffield RD, Croy LI & Smith EL. 1972. Inheritance of nitrate reductase activity, grain protein and straw protein in a hard red winter wheat cross. Agronomy Journal, 64: 249.
Fentem PA, Lea PJ & Stewart GR. 1983. Ammonia assimilation in the roots of nitrate- and ammonia- grown Hordeum vulgare (cv. Golden Promise). Plant Physiology, 71: 496-501.
Fewson CA & Nicholas. 1961. Nitrate reductase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biochem Biophys Acta, 49: 335-349.
Goyal P, Berwal MK, Praduman & Chugh LK. 2017. Peroxidase actvity, its isozymes and deterioration of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. BR.] flour during storage. Journal of Agriculture and Ecology, 3: 42-51.
Gupta N, Gupta AK, Gaur VS & Kumar A. 2012. Relationship of nitrogen use efficiency with the activities of enzymes involved in nitrogen uptake and assimilation of finger millet genotypes grown under different nitrogen inputs. The Scientific World Journal, doi:10.1100/2012/625731.
Ingle J, Joy KW & Hagemn RH. 1966. The regulation of activity of enzymes involved in the assimilation of nitrate by higher plants. Biochemistry Journal, 100: 577.
Inokuchi R & Okada M. 2001. Physiological adaptations of glutamate dehydrogenase isozyme activities and other nitrogen-assimilating enzymes in the macro- alga Bryopsis maxima. Plant Science, 161: 35-43.
Kanamori T, & Matsumoto H. 1972. Glutamine Synthetase from rice plant roots. Archieves of Biochemistry Biophysics, 152: 404-412.
Kannangara CG & Woolhouse HW. 1967. The role of carbon dioxide, light and nitrate in the synthesis and degradation of nitrate reductase in lines of Perilla fructescens. New Phytology, 66: 553.
Kichey T, Gouis JL, Brigitte S, Hirel B & Duboise F. 2005. Change in the cellular and subcellular localization of glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase durin flag leaf senescence in wheat (Triticum aestivul L.). Plant Cell Physiology, 46(6):964-974.
Lea PJ & Miflin BJ. 1974: Alternative route for nitrogen assimilation in higher plants. Nature, 251:614-616.
Liyuan Y & Shi Y. 2013. Effect of Nitrogen Application Rate on the enzyme activity of flag leaf agter anthesis in winter wheat. Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology, 5(6): 738-742.
Magalhaes JR, Grace PJ & Rich D. 1990. Kinetics of 15NH4+ assimilation in Zae mays. Plant Physiology, 94: 647-656.
Melo-Oliveira R, Oliveira IC & Coruzzi G. 1996. Arabidopsis mutant analysis and gene regulation define a non-redundant role for glutamate dehydrogenase in nitrogen assimilation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 93: 4718–4723.
Miflin BJ, Habash DZ. 2002. The role of glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase in nitrogen assimilation and possibilities for improvement in the nitrogen utilization of crops. Journal of Experimental Botany, 53:979-987. doi:10.1093/jexbot/53.370.979.
Murray DR & Kennedy IR. 1980. Change in the activities of enzymes of nitrogen metabolism in seed coat and cotyledon during embryo development in pea seeds. Plant Physiology, 66: 782-786.
Narasimhan C, Johari RP & Mehta SL. 1987. Nitrogen assimilation in opaque & normal sorghum during grain development. Journal of Biosciences, 12: 303-310.
Pryor A. 1990. A maize glutamic dehydrogenase null mutant is cold temperature sensitive. Maydica, 35: 367-372.
Raimanova I & Trckova M. 2007. Remobilization of nitrogen for wheat grain formation as affected by temperature & drought. Bioclimatology & Natural Hazard, Total Pages 6. (page no. note given) . ISBN 978-80-228-17-60-8.
Sawhney SK & Naik MS. 1972. Role of light in synthesis of Nitrate reductase and Nitrite reductase in rice seedling. Biochemistry Journal, 130: 475-485.
Sempruch C, Leszczynski B, Chrzanowski G, Filipczuk A, Czerniewicz P & Wolska K. 2012. Activity of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase with in winter triticale seedlings infested by grain aphid. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 52 (3): 364-367.
Srivastava HS & Singh RP. 1987. Role of regulation of L-glutamate dehydrogenase activity in higher plants. Phytochemistry, 26: 597-610.
Stewart GR & Larher F. 1980. Accumulation of amino acids and related compounds in relation to environmental stress. In “The Biochwemistry of Plants” (BJ Miflin ed.), Academic Press, New York, 5: 609-635.
Stewart GR, Shatilov VR., Turnbull, M.H., Robinson, S.A. and Goodall, R. (1995). Evidence that glutamate-dehydrogenase plays a role in the oxidative deamination of glutamate in seedlings of Zea mays. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 22: 805-809.
Streeter JG & Thompson JF. 1972. Anaerobic accumulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid and alanine in radish leaves (Raphanus sativus L.). Plant physiology, 49:572-578.
Torre FDL, Canas RA, Pascual MB, Avila C & Canovas FM. 2014. Plastidic aspartate aminotransferase and the biosynthesis of essential amino acids in plants. Journal of Experimental Botany, 65(19): 5527-5534. Doi: 10.1093/jxb/eru240.
Wu JD, Li JC, Wang CY, Wei FZ, Zhang Y & Wu WM. 2013. Effects of spraying foliar nitrogen on activities of key regulatory enzymes involved in protein formation in winter wheat suffered post-anthesis high temperature and water-logging. Journal of Food Agriculture & Environment, 11(2):668-673.
Yong-Jian S, Yuan-Yuan S, Xu-Yi L, Xiang G & Jun M. 2009. Relationship of nitrogen utilization & activities of key enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism in rice under water-nitrogen interaction. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 35(11): 2055-2063.
Yong-Jian S, Yuan-Yuan S, Xu-Yi L, Xiang G & Jun M. 2009. Relationship of nitrogen utilization and activities of key enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism in rice under water-nitrogen interaction. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 35(11): 2055-2063.
Bergareche C & Simon E. 1988. Nitrate reductase activity and nitrate content under two forms and three levels of nitrogen nutrition in Lolium perenne L. Journal of Plant Physiology, 132: 28-33.
Berwal MK, Goyal P & Chugh LK. 2018. Exploitation of pearl millet germplasm for identification of low grain phytate containing parental line. Journal of Agriculture and Ecology, 6: 39-46.
Claussen W & Lenz F. 1999. Effect of ammonium or nitrate nutrition on net photosynthesis, growth, and activity of enzymes nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase in blueberry, raspberry and strawberry. Plant & Soil, 208: 95-102.
Cruz JL, Mosquim PR, Pelcani CR, Araujo WL & Da Matta FM. 2004. Effects of nitrate nutrition on nitrogen metabolism in cassava. Biologia plantarum, 48: 67-72.
Distelfeld A, Cakmak I, Paleg Z, Ozturk L, Yazici AM, Bodak H, Saranga Y & Fahima T. 2007. Multiple QTL-effects of wheat Gpc-B1 locus on grain protein and micronutrient concentrations. Physiologia plantarum, 129 (3):635-643. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2006.00841.x
Duffield RD, Croy LI & Smith EL. 1972. Inheritance of nitrate reductase activity, grain protein and straw protein in a hard red winter wheat cross. Agronomy Journal, 64: 249.
Fentem PA, Lea PJ & Stewart GR. 1983. Ammonia assimilation in the roots of nitrate- and ammonia- grown Hordeum vulgare (cv. Golden Promise). Plant Physiology, 71: 496-501.
Fewson CA & Nicholas. 1961. Nitrate reductase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biochem Biophys Acta, 49: 335-349.
Goyal P, Berwal MK, Praduman & Chugh LK. 2017. Peroxidase actvity, its isozymes and deterioration of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. BR.] flour during storage. Journal of Agriculture and Ecology, 3: 42-51.
Gupta N, Gupta AK, Gaur VS & Kumar A. 2012. Relationship of nitrogen use efficiency with the activities of enzymes involved in nitrogen uptake and assimilation of finger millet genotypes grown under different nitrogen inputs. The Scientific World Journal, doi:10.1100/2012/625731.
Ingle J, Joy KW & Hagemn RH. 1966. The regulation of activity of enzymes involved in the assimilation of nitrate by higher plants. Biochemistry Journal, 100: 577.
Inokuchi R & Okada M. 2001. Physiological adaptations of glutamate dehydrogenase isozyme activities and other nitrogen-assimilating enzymes in the macro- alga Bryopsis maxima. Plant Science, 161: 35-43.
Kanamori T, & Matsumoto H. 1972. Glutamine Synthetase from rice plant roots. Archieves of Biochemistry Biophysics, 152: 404-412.
Kannangara CG & Woolhouse HW. 1967. The role of carbon dioxide, light and nitrate in the synthesis and degradation of nitrate reductase in lines of Perilla fructescens. New Phytology, 66: 553.
Kichey T, Gouis JL, Brigitte S, Hirel B & Duboise F. 2005. Change in the cellular and subcellular localization of glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase durin flag leaf senescence in wheat (Triticum aestivul L.). Plant Cell Physiology, 46(6):964-974.
Lea PJ & Miflin BJ. 1974: Alternative route for nitrogen assimilation in higher plants. Nature, 251:614-616.
Liyuan Y & Shi Y. 2013. Effect of Nitrogen Application Rate on the enzyme activity of flag leaf agter anthesis in winter wheat. Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology, 5(6): 738-742.
Magalhaes JR, Grace PJ & Rich D. 1990. Kinetics of 15NH4+ assimilation in Zae mays. Plant Physiology, 94: 647-656.
Melo-Oliveira R, Oliveira IC & Coruzzi G. 1996. Arabidopsis mutant analysis and gene regulation define a non-redundant role for glutamate dehydrogenase in nitrogen assimilation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 93: 4718–4723.
Miflin BJ, Habash DZ. 2002. The role of glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase in nitrogen assimilation and possibilities for improvement in the nitrogen utilization of crops. Journal of Experimental Botany, 53:979-987. doi:10.1093/jexbot/53.370.979.
Murray DR & Kennedy IR. 1980. Change in the activities of enzymes of nitrogen metabolism in seed coat and cotyledon during embryo development in pea seeds. Plant Physiology, 66: 782-786.
Narasimhan C, Johari RP & Mehta SL. 1987. Nitrogen assimilation in opaque & normal sorghum during grain development. Journal of Biosciences, 12: 303-310.
Pryor A. 1990. A maize glutamic dehydrogenase null mutant is cold temperature sensitive. Maydica, 35: 367-372.
Raimanova I & Trckova M. 2007. Remobilization of nitrogen for wheat grain formation as affected by temperature & drought. Bioclimatology & Natural Hazard, Total Pages 6. (page no. note given) . ISBN 978-80-228-17-60-8.
Sawhney SK & Naik MS. 1972. Role of light in synthesis of Nitrate reductase and Nitrite reductase in rice seedling. Biochemistry Journal, 130: 475-485.
Sempruch C, Leszczynski B, Chrzanowski G, Filipczuk A, Czerniewicz P & Wolska K. 2012. Activity of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase with in winter triticale seedlings infested by grain aphid. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 52 (3): 364-367.
Srivastava HS & Singh RP. 1987. Role of regulation of L-glutamate dehydrogenase activity in higher plants. Phytochemistry, 26: 597-610.
Stewart GR & Larher F. 1980. Accumulation of amino acids and related compounds in relation to environmental stress. In “The Biochwemistry of Plants” (BJ Miflin ed.), Academic Press, New York, 5: 609-635.
Stewart GR, Shatilov VR., Turnbull, M.H., Robinson, S.A. and Goodall, R. (1995). Evidence that glutamate-dehydrogenase plays a role in the oxidative deamination of glutamate in seedlings of Zea mays. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 22: 805-809.
Streeter JG & Thompson JF. 1972. Anaerobic accumulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid and alanine in radish leaves (Raphanus sativus L.). Plant physiology, 49:572-578.
Torre FDL, Canas RA, Pascual MB, Avila C & Canovas FM. 2014. Plastidic aspartate aminotransferase and the biosynthesis of essential amino acids in plants. Journal of Experimental Botany, 65(19): 5527-5534. Doi: 10.1093/jxb/eru240.
Wu JD, Li JC, Wang CY, Wei FZ, Zhang Y & Wu WM. 2013. Effects of spraying foliar nitrogen on activities of key regulatory enzymes involved in protein formation in winter wheat suffered post-anthesis high temperature and water-logging. Journal of Food Agriculture & Environment, 11(2):668-673.
Yong-Jian S, Yuan-Yuan S, Xu-Yi L, Xiang G & Jun M. 2009. Relationship of nitrogen utilization & activities of key enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism in rice under water-nitrogen interaction. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 35(11): 2055-2063.
Yong-Jian S, Yuan-Yuan S, Xu-Yi L, Xiang G & Jun M. 2009. Relationship of nitrogen utilization and activities of key enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism in rice under water-nitrogen interaction. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 35(11): 2055-2063.
Downloads
Published
2020-12-31
How to Cite
Berwal, M., Chugh, L., Goyal, P., & Kumar, R. (2020). Nitrogen metabolism enzymes activity in flag leaf and roots of pearl millet during grain development stage. Journal of Agriculture and Ecology, 10(10), 44–57. Retrieved from https://saaer.org.in/journals/index.php/jae/article/view/334
Issue
Section
Articles
