Building soil resilience: pathways to sustainable agriculture in India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58628/JAE-2521-102Keywords:
AI-driven decision-support systems; Conservation agriculture; Integrated nutrient management; Imbalanced nutrition; Organics; SustainabilityAbstract
Soil health forms the foundation of India’s agricultural sustainability, food security, and ecological balance. However, decades of intensive, input-intensive farming have led to serious degradation, manifested in nutrient depletion, loss of organic matter, erosion, salinization, and contamination from excessive agrochemical use. As a result, widespread multi-nutrient deficiencies are now prevalent across diverse agro-ecological regions, undermining both productivity and resilience. This review examines the current status of soil health in India’s varied climatic zones, with particular focus on physical, chemical, and biological indicators and their spatial variability. It further explores the major drivers of degradation, including monocropping, excessive dependence on synthetic fertilizers, inadequate recycling of organic residues, declining soil biodiversity, and the added pressures of climate change. The paper also synthesizes recent progress in sustainable management practices such as conservation agriculture, integrated nutrient management, and biofertilizer application, while highlighting emerging technological innovations like digital soil mapping, remote sensing, drone-assisted nutrient application, and AI-based decision-support systems. Finally, it identifies key research gaps and policy priorities, stressing the importance of farmer-oriented extension models and climate-smart soil management as essential pathways for restoration. A holistic, soil-centered strategy is therefore critical to ensuring India’s long-term agricultural prosperity and environmental sustainability.
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