Towards climate-resilient phalsa (Grewia subinaequalis DC.): advances in genetics and breeding

Abstract

Grewia subinaequalis DC. (Phalsa) is a hardy, nutrient-dense, and economically valuable fruit crop native to Southeast Asia, yet it remains underexploited due to persistent agronomic and post-harvest constraints. This paper presents a comprehensive, evidence-based assessment of the current status and future directions in Phalsa breeding and genetics, designed for an academic readership. It critically evaluates the available genetic resources, underscoring the considerable but underutilized diversity within Indian germplasm, which has been characterized through both morpho-agronomic descriptors and molecular markers such as SSRs. An analysis of breeding approaches indicates that progress has historically relied on conventional selection, yielding only incremental improvements, while advanced methods like hybridization face limitations arising from the species’ floral biology. The discussion extends to the emerging field of Phalsa biotechnology, highlighting developments in micropropagation, the potential of marker-assisted selection, and the urgent need to establish genetic transformation and genome-editing platforms (e.g., CRISPR-Cas9) to overcome critical challenges such as rapid fruit perishability. Key bottlenecks include the absence of a high-quality reference genome, which restricts the application of genomic-assisted breeding, and substantial post-harvest losses that reduce market potential. The paper concludes by proposing a strategic roadmap for future research, advocating an integrated framework that combines genomics, modern breeding tools, and improved agronomic practices. Such an approach is essential to fully harness the potential of Phalsa, thereby strengthening its role in nutritional security, livelihood enhancement, and sustainable agricultural development.